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Fourth Amendment protections apply to situations where persons have a reasonable expectation of privacy, such as their home or personal communications, for instance. However, whether the expectation is "reasonable" is the key to whether it is protected by the Constitution. Reasonableness is context-specific. The court looks at an individual's intention to keep something private and whether the expectation is one that society is willing to recognize as reasonable. Just as standards of privacy are constantly changing in society, Fourth Amendment law is also constantly evolving.
The government can intrude on such a zone of privacy only if the search or seizure is reasonable. Generally, a "reasonable" search or seizure is one supported by a warrant. The warrant itself has to be valid: It must be issued by a neutral judicial official, supported by probable cause and describe specifically the person or thing to be searched or seized. To establish "probable cause," the law enforcement officer has to present facts that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a crime is being, or has been, committed.
Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement
The United States Supreme Court has recognized a number of exceptions to the warrant requirement. A warrantless search or seizure is still "reasonable" if there is probable cause and certain circumstances exist that make getting a warrant impractical or impossible. These exceptions include:
Search incident to arrest: searching a person after a lawful arrest to locate weapons and/or prevent the destruction of evidence
Consent: when an individual voluntarily waives his or her Fourth Amendment rights
Plain view: searching or seizing objects in plain view, if an officer has a legal right to be in that position where he or she is viewing the objects
Automobile exception: searching vehicles if an officer has probable cause to believe there is contraband inside and it would be moved before a warrant can be obtained
Exigent circumstances: when there is no opportunity to obtain a warrant due to an emergency situation, e.g., life is at risk
Moreover, law enforcement officers can conduct limited detentions and frisks without a warrant if they have an articulable suspicion that criminal activity is occurring. Whether you need a lawyer in scottsdale az, or phoenix arizona attorneys for criminal charges - Retain Leading Arizona Defense Attorney Michael Ziton. Call 602.234.9290 Today
Analyzing whether a search or seizure was legal requires a close look at many factors. In many instances ( drug charges, DUI defense, etc.) a successful challenge to evidence can mean the difference between a dismissal and a conviction. Contact Michael E. Ziton, a trusted and knowledgeable criminal defense lawyer in Arizona that can protect your rights anywhere in the state.
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If the government violated the Constitution, the evidence cannot be used. Without the evidence to prove the charges, the State may have to dismiss its case. If you have been charged with an criminal offense, an experienced criminal defense attorney can advise you whether the evidence leading to the charge may have resulted from an illegal search or seizure.
The Fourth Amendment provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no Warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
In addition, similar provisions in each state's constitution may afford even greater protections.
Warrants and the Protection of Privacy
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